#+TITLE: Phrase Structures
#+STARTUP: content indent align inlineimages hideblocks entitiesplain nologdone nologreschedule nologredeadline nologrefile
#+TODO: TODO NEED-STRUCTURE NEED-EXAMPLES NEED-PRACTICE | LEARNED
#+DATE: [2022-05-07 Sa]
#+LANGUAGE: English
#+PRIORITIES: A E E

* Phrase structures (句子结构)
:PROPERTIES:
:custom_id: phrase-structures
:END:x

** Tendencies (倾向)
*** [#C] the more ... the more ... / the fewer ... the fewer ...
**** Structure
(obj A) 越 (adj B), (obj C) 越 (adj D).
**** Examples

+ The higher the mountain, the more difficult the road up becomes. -- 山越高，路越难走。

+ The more I learn about computer programming, the more I see the mistakes we make over and over again. -- 我学习编程 越 多，(我) 越 看到 我们 重复(chong2fu4 - repeated) 的错。

+ The longer the war lasts, the more people are driven from their homes.
  + 战争 越 长 (because "war" is a noun, we can use "长")，越 多人必须离开家。 (人 comes after the 越, because there is no adjective)
  + 战争 越 长，越 多人 失去 (to lose sth.) 他们的家。 (人 comes after the 越, because there is no adjective)

+ The richer a country becomes, the lazier the people become.
  + 一个国家 越 富有，人 越 懒。

+ The more he eats, the longer he sleeps.
  + 他吃的 越 多，睡觉(v.) 越 久。(because "睡觉" is a verb, we must use "久" instead of "长")

+ The more you learn, the better a job you can get.
  + 你学习的 越 多，你 越 能 找到 好的 工作。
  + (学习 很多 这会 让 你 找到 更 好的 工作。) (other structure)

+ The later you sleep, the worse for your body it is.
  + 越 晚睡觉，身体 越 不好。

*** [#B] more and more

**** Structure

(obj A) 越来越 (adj B).

**** Examples
+ I am getting fatter and fatter.
  + 我越来越胖了。

+ The news are becoming more depressing by the day.
  + 新闻 越来越 让 人 悲伤(bei1shang1 - depressed,sad,sorrowful) 了。
** Comparisons (比较)
*** [#C] Not as ... as ...
**** Structure

(obj A) 没有 ... (obj B) 这么/那么 (adj./measure C) (opt. obj D).

**** Examples

+ Python is not as elegant as Scheme.
  + 你在 Python 可以 用 编程 的 概念 (gài​niàn - concepts)，没有 在 Scheme 的 那么 多。

+ My notebook does not have as many pages as hers.
  + 我 的 笔记本的页 没有 她的 笔记本的页 那么 多。
  + 我 的 笔记本 没有 她的 笔记本 那么 多页。

+ The old computers are not as fast as the new ones.
  + 很旧的电脑 没有 现代的电脑 那么 快。
  + 很旧的电脑 它们的 功能 没有 现代的电脑 那么 多。

**** Structure
**** Examples
*** [#B] Using 比
**** Structure
(obj A) 比 (obj B) (adj C) (measure D).
**** Examples

+ Modern airplanes are bigger, than old airplanes.
  + 现代的飞机 比 旧的飞机 (更) 大。

+ This tea tastes better, than the other one.
  + 这种茶 比 那种茶 (更) 好喝。
*** [#D] Using 比起来, "compared to"
**** Structure

(opt. if in context obj A) 跟 (obj B) 比起来 (adj./description C).

**** Examples

+ Compared to other places it is really not bad.
  + 跟 别的地方 比起来 真的 不错.

+ Germany compared to other places is really not bad.
  + 德国 跟 别的地方 比起来 真的不错。

+ Germany compared to Norway is not as democratic.
  + 德国 跟 挪威 (nuó​wēi - Norway) 比起来 没有 那么 民主(min2zhu3 - democratic)。

*** [#D] using 比较

**** Structure

+ object 比较 adjective。

**** Example

+ (pre-condition: talked about a person) 他比较高。
+ (a piece of clothing) 那件比较贵。
+ 那条河 比较 深 (shen1 - deep)。
+ 那条河 比较 深沉 (shen1chen2 - deep)。

** Reasoning (因果关系 - "reason fruit relationship" ~ consequence)
*** [#A] Because of (A), (B).
**** Structure

因为 ... 所以 ... .

**** Examples

+ Because I got up late, I arrived too late at the office.
  + 因为 我 起床 晚了 (earlier action -> has the 了 (emphasis)), 所以 有点晚 到(了) 办公室.

+ I did not agree, so they got all upset.
  + 因为 我 跟 他们的 立场 (li4chang2 - point of view / stance) 不同, 所以 他们 都 生气 ("making a lot of hot air" :D).

*** [#B] (A) so that (B).
**** Structure

... 因此 ... .

**** Examples

+ There is not enough rain, so the trees are dying.
  + 下雨 下得很小, 因此 树死了.

** Contrasting (对比)
*** [#A] Using 不过
**** Structure

(phrase A), 不过 (phrase B).

+ 条件 (tiao2jian4 - condition): Use if the contrast between phrase A and B is not that strong. Phrase A might make one think, that phrase B is not the case, but in fact it is. Phrase A should not make phrase B impossible.

**** Examples

+ I got up late, but I still arrived in time at the office.
  + 我 起床 晚了, 不过 还是 准时 (zhun3shi2 - on time) 到达 (arrive) 办公室.

+ I did not have enough money, but I still accompanied the others to the restaurant.
  + 那一次没有 足够 的 钱, 不过 我 还是 跟 他们 一起 去了 餐厅.

*** LEARNED [#A] Using 但是

**** Structure

(phrase A), 但是 (phrase B).

+ 条件 (tiao2jian4 - condition): Use if the contrast between phrase A and B is strong. Phrase A make one think, that phrase B very unlikely to be the case, but in fact it is. Phrase A should not make phrase B impossible.

**** Examples

+ They were rejected at the interview, but still got the job.
  + 他/她 没 通过 (to pass (like an exam)) 面试 (mian4shi4 - interview), 但是 她/他 还是 拿到 (na2dao4 - to get) 工作.

*** NEED-PRACTICE [#D] (A), however (B). / Although (A), (B).

**** Structure

虽然 (sui1ran2) ... 但是 (dan4shi4) ... .

**** Examples

+ Although they introduced a new policy, CO2 emissions stay high.
  + 虽然 他们 推行 (tui1xing2 - introduce / implement) 新的 政策 (zheng4ce4 - policy), 但是 CO2 排放 (pai2fang4 - emissions) 还 很高.
+ Although CO2 emissions are high, they do not make better policies.
  + 虽然 CO2 排放 (pai2fang4 - emissions) 很高, 但是 他们 不 推行 (tui1xing2 - introduce / implement) 新的 政策 (zheng4ce4 - policy).
+ Although I work in this job for 4 or 5 years, I still feels like there is an endless amount of things to learn.
  + 虽然 我 在 这个工作 做了 四五年, 但是 还是 觉得 有 无限 (wu2xian4 - without limit) 的 东西 要学.
  + 虽然 我 在 这个工作 做了 四五年, 但是 还是 觉得 有 很多 进步空间 (room for improvement - literally).

** Sequencing (次序)
*** NEED-PRACTICE [#C] Not only (A), but also (B).
**** Structure

+ ... 不仅 ... 而且 ... .
+ ... 不但 ... 而且 ... .

**** Examples

+ Not only did he not tell the whole story, but he lied as well.
  + 他 不仅 没有 告诉 完整 (complete) 的 故事, 而且 骗人 (to lie to people) 了.
+ It did not only rain, but also a thunderstorm was brewing, while they were on their up the mountain.
  + 他们在爬山的时候 不仅 下雨, 而且 有 暴风雨 (thunderstorm).
+ Not only did inflation rate rise, but also wages stagnated.
  + 不仅 通胀 提高 了, 而且 薪水 也 没 提高. / 也 停留 在 原本 的 水平.
+ Not only did he compose music for "Rain Man", but also the music for "Gladiator" and many other movies.
  + 他 不仅 替 "Rain Man" 作曲, 而且 也 替 (for) "Gladiator" 作曲 (to compose music).

*** NEED-PRACTICE [#C] Not (A), but (B).
**** Structure

... 不是 ... 而是 ... .

**** Examples

+ She did not visit Munich, but went to Berlin.
  + 她 不是去了 慕尼黑, 而是 去了柏林。
+ Not the test is wrong, but the code, which is tested.
  + (有)错的 不是 测试 (ce4shi4 - test), 而是 测试过的 (tested) 软件的编程 (the coding of the software)。
+ No, I do not want to buy 3 kilos, but 4 kilos.
  + 不是, 我不是想买 三公斤, 而是 买四 公斤 土豆。
+ She does not have a cat, but a dog.
  + 她 不是 有 一只小猫, 而是 有一只狗。

*** NEED-PRACTICE [#E] Neither (A), nor (B).
**** Structure

+ ... 既不 (ji4bu4) ... 也不 ... .
+ The actions must be performed by the same person or thing. The subject of the phrase must be the same in both cases.

**** Examples

+ Neither did he do the homework, nor did he prepare for the exam.
  + 他 既不 做 作业， 也不 准备 考试。

+ Which one do you want to buy? Neither this one, nor that one.
  + 你想买哪一个？ 我 既不 想买这个, 也不想买那个。

+ Are you from China or Taiwan? Neither China nor Taiwan. I am from South Korea.
  + 你 是 中国人 还是 台湾人？我 既不 是 中国人, 也不是 台湾人。我是韩国人。

** Conditions
*** NEED-PRACTICE [#B] Using 如果
**** Structure

如果 ... 就 ... .

**** Examples

+ If they do not want to go, we can go without them.
  + 如果他们不想去，我们就可以不跟他们去。
+ If you want to visit me, just drop me a message ahead of time.
  + 如果你想 探望(tanwang - to visit) 我，你就 提前(tiqian - ahead of time) 给我发信息。
+ If the query fails, you will receive an error.
  + 如果 搜索(sousuo - the search) 失败 (shibai - to fail (opp.: 成功 chenggong - to succeed))，它就给你一个 错误 (cuowu - error)。

** Giving examples
*** NEED-STRUCTURE [#A] Using 比如说
**** Structure

比如说 ... .

**** Examples

+ For example the other project. We did totally underestimated the time required to finish it.
  + 比如说那个项目。我们都 完全 (wanquan - totally, completely) 低估 (digu - underestimate, gu - estimate) 了 完成项目 (project completion) 需要的时间 (required time, required duration)。

** Expressing opinions
*** NEED-PRACTICE [#A] In my opinion 对于我来说
**** Structure

dui yu wo lai shuo ...

**** Examples
+ In my opinion the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
  + 对于我来说，好处比坏处更多。
+ In my opinion it is not a good idea, because you will depend on others.
  + 对于我来说，因为你 依赖别人(yilai bieren - rely on others)，所以不是一个 好 主意/想法。
+ If you ask me, you should ask him out.
  + 如果你问我，你应该 主动 (zhudong - actively) 约他出去 (yue ta chuqu - ask him out)。
** Others
*** NEED-PRACTICE [#C] Using 几次 (having done something a few times)

... 几次 ... .

**** Structure

+ (subject) (verb) 几次 (object)。

**** Examples

+ 我已经告诉你几次：吃晚饭之后 别 淋浴 (linyu - to shower)。(坐浴 - to take a bath)
+ 我这个星期去过几次办公室(了 for tone, slightly annoyed tone)。
+ 我每天 看几次 电子邮件。

*** NEED-PRACTICE [#B] 又 A 又 B (2 attributes of something)
**** Structure

+ ... 又 ... 又 ... .
+ The attributes should be commonly expected to occur together, pointing in the "same direction".

**** Examples

+ 波兰 的 饺子 又 不好吃 又 不健康。
+ 今天 又 闷 又 热。
+ 她 又 聪明 又 友善。
+ 她 又 残忍 又 小心。

*** NEED-PRACTICE [#C] (passive phrase using 把)

... 把 ... ... .

**** Structure

+ subject 把 object verb.

**** Examples

+ 我 已经 把 那个 项目 完成了。
+ 我 把 水果 放在 冰箱 (bingxiang - fridge) 里。
+ 上帝 (shangdi - god) 把 我们 的 人生 安排的 公平 (gongping - fair)。
+ 他 把 他的朋友 的 车 撞坏 (zhuanghuai - to crash) 了。

*** NEED-PRACTICE [#B] (Do 2 things in parallel.)
**** Structure

+ 一边 ... 一边 ... .

**** Examples

+ 他们 通常 一边 看电视，一边 吃晚饭。
+ 有时候 我 一边 听音乐， 一边 编程。
+ 我 一边 跟 妈妈 聊天，一边 工作。

*** NEED-PRACTICE [#D] not even (measure A) (verb B)
**** Structure

+ ... 一 (measuring word) 也不/也没/也没有 (verb)。

**** Examples
+ I have not eaten a single slice of cake.
  + 我 一块蛋糕 也没 吃。
+ I could not sleep at all last night.
  + 我 一个小时 也没睡觉。
+ He did not give any money to his family at all.
  + 他 一块钱 也不 发给他家人。
+ I can't even stop for a second.
  + 我 一秒 也不 能 停下来 (ting1xia4lai2 - to stop)。

** Unsure

+ Neither did she know, nor did he know, when they would meet again.
  + 他们 两个都 不 知道，他们 什么时候 再 相见 (xiang1jian4 - meet each other (poetic way of saying))。

*** NEED-PRACTICE [#C] 多于一个 (more than one)

1. She has more than one boyfriend.
   + 她 有 多于一个 男朋友。
2. They have more than one car.
   + 他们 有 多于一 辆车。
3. More than once, this plan has failed.
   + 这个 计划 (ji4hua4 - plan) 已经 (must have the "already") 失败 (shibai - to fail) 多于一次了。
     + subject: 计划
     + verb: 失败
     + object: 次
4. I bought more than one bread.
   + 我 买了 多于一个 面包。

-> subject verb 多于一个 object

*** 她没有很多时间给朋友们。

她 没有 很多 时间 给 朋友们。

*** shi ji fenzhong (10 and a couple of minutes)
*** [#C] dao shihou (at that time (in the future))
*** [#B] gang / gangcai
*** [#D] ni ting bu ting de jian
*** [#E] verb 着 verb
describe how the 2. verb is performed
*** [#D] ni xiang he1 shenme, wojiu xiang he shenme.

* Notes
:PROPERTIES:
:custom_id: notes
:END:
+ Use priorities to express, how well you think, you can use a phrase structure.

有这个名字的人, 我一个人也不认识.

另外 - another (of the same type/kind)
其他/别 - other

* Grammar vocabulary

+ Comma - 逗号
